goat anti momp Search Results


93
Bio-Rad c trachomatis major outer membrane protein
( A ) Immunofluorescence images of ectocervical (top) and endocervical (bottom) organoids, uninfected (left) or infected (right) for 48 hours with Chlamydia, stained for KRT5 (green), major outer membrane protein <t>(MOMP)</t> (red), KRT8 (gray), and DAPI (blue). ( B ) UMAP projection of single cells from ecto- and endocervical organoids, colored by infection status: uninfected (UI), infected (Inf), and bystander (Bstd). ( C and D ) UMAP showing reclustered ectocervical squamous epithelial population from (B), colored by infection status (C) and subtype identity (D). ( E ) Proportion of UI, Bstd, and Inf cells in each ectocervical squamous subtype. ( F to G ) UMAP showing reclustered endocervical columnar epithelia from (B), colored by infection status (F) and subtype (G). ( H ) Proportion of UI, Bstd, and Inf cells in each endocervical columnar subtype. ( I ) Heatmap of differentially regulated TFs between ecto- and endocervix across infection conditions; color bar depicts the TF activity scores from high (deep pink) to low (blue). ( J ) Violin plot of gene set enrichment scores for the GO term defense response to bacterium across epithelial compartments and infection states; statistical significance assessed by Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Holm-adjusted P values ( ****P ≤ 0.0001). ( K ) The relative expression of IFN-related genes across ecto- and endocervical subclusters; dot size represents the % of cells expressing a particular gene, and the color bar indicates the intensity of scaled mean expression levels ranging from high (red) to low (blue). ( L ) Gene-weighted density UMAP projections showing expression of STAT1 , STAT2 , and IRF9 across epithelial cells in (B). ( M ) Violin plot showing ISG15 expression across ecto- and endocervical organoids in uninfected, bystander, and infected states. ( N ) IHC images showing CDH1 (green), ISG15 (red), MOMP (gray), and DAPI (blue) in ecto- and endocervical organoids, uninfected (left) or infected (right). Yellow arrows mark infected cells; arrowheads indicate ISG15 + bystander cells.
C Trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein, supplied by Bio-Rad, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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90
Cortex Biochem Inc goat anti- c. trachomatis momp
(A) HeLa cells were infected with C. <t>trachomatis</t> L2 for 24 hrs and then fixed and stained with antibodies to GBF1 (red) and BIG1 (green). Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). The cis and trans polarity of the Golgi was maintained in C. trachomatis L2-infected cells. N, host nucleus. *, inclusion. Scale bar = 5 µm. (B) HeLa cells were transfected with Arf1-GFP for 18 hrs, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs in the absence or presence of 10 µM BFA, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to GBF1 (red). Enlargements of boxed regions are shown to the right. Images represent a single z slice from confocal images. The exposure time for each filter set for all images was identical. Arf1-GFP localized to the region between two closely apposed inclusions (white arrow) and to a thin rim around the inclusion (red arrow) whereas GBF1 was excluded from these regions. *, inclusion. Scale bar = 5 µm. (C) Western blot analysis of siRNA-treated samples. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (D) HeLa cells were depleted of GBF1, BIG1, and/or BIG2 for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to visualize SM acquisition by the inclusion. The exposure time for all images was identical. Dashed red lines demarcate the inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (E) HeLa cells were infected with C. trachomatis for 24 hrs, treated with 10 µM BFA or GCA during the last 3 hrs of infection, and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to analyze SM acquisition by the inclusion. The exposure time for all images was identical. Dashed red lines demarcate the inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (F) HeLa cells were depleted of GBF1, BIG1, and/or BIG2 for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then analyzed for progeny formation as described in . Values (mean ± standard error) are shown as percentage of control siRNA-treated samples. No significant decrease in progeny formation was observed. IFU, inclusion forming units.
Goat Anti C. Trachomatis Momp, supplied by Cortex Biochem Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
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86
Absolute Biotech Inc goat anti mouse fibrinogen
(A) HeLa cells were infected with C. <t>trachomatis</t> L2 for 24 hrs and then fixed and stained with antibodies to GBF1 (red) and BIG1 (green). Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). The cis and trans polarity of the Golgi was maintained in C. trachomatis L2-infected cells. N, host nucleus. *, inclusion. Scale bar = 5 µm. (B) HeLa cells were transfected with Arf1-GFP for 18 hrs, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs in the absence or presence of 10 µM BFA, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to GBF1 (red). Enlargements of boxed regions are shown to the right. Images represent a single z slice from confocal images. The exposure time for each filter set for all images was identical. Arf1-GFP localized to the region between two closely apposed inclusions (white arrow) and to a thin rim around the inclusion (red arrow) whereas GBF1 was excluded from these regions. *, inclusion. Scale bar = 5 µm. (C) Western blot analysis of siRNA-treated samples. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (D) HeLa cells were depleted of GBF1, BIG1, and/or BIG2 for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to visualize SM acquisition by the inclusion. The exposure time for all images was identical. Dashed red lines demarcate the inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (E) HeLa cells were infected with C. trachomatis for 24 hrs, treated with 10 µM BFA or GCA during the last 3 hrs of infection, and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to analyze SM acquisition by the inclusion. The exposure time for all images was identical. Dashed red lines demarcate the inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (F) HeLa cells were depleted of GBF1, BIG1, and/or BIG2 for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then analyzed for progeny formation as described in . Values (mean ± standard error) are shown as percentage of control siRNA-treated samples. No significant decrease in progeny formation was observed. IFU, inclusion forming units.
Goat Anti Mouse Fibrinogen, supplied by Absolute Biotech Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/goat+anti+momp/pmc12915272-14-0-4?v=Absolute+Biotech+Inc
Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
goat anti mouse fibrinogen - by Bioz Stars, 2026-08
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Goat anti C. trachomatis MOMP (1ml)
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Goat Anti-C. trachomatis MOMP
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Image Search Results


( A ) Immunofluorescence images of ectocervical (top) and endocervical (bottom) organoids, uninfected (left) or infected (right) for 48 hours with Chlamydia, stained for KRT5 (green), major outer membrane protein (MOMP) (red), KRT8 (gray), and DAPI (blue). ( B ) UMAP projection of single cells from ecto- and endocervical organoids, colored by infection status: uninfected (UI), infected (Inf), and bystander (Bstd). ( C and D ) UMAP showing reclustered ectocervical squamous epithelial population from (B), colored by infection status (C) and subtype identity (D). ( E ) Proportion of UI, Bstd, and Inf cells in each ectocervical squamous subtype. ( F to G ) UMAP showing reclustered endocervical columnar epithelia from (B), colored by infection status (F) and subtype (G). ( H ) Proportion of UI, Bstd, and Inf cells in each endocervical columnar subtype. ( I ) Heatmap of differentially regulated TFs between ecto- and endocervix across infection conditions; color bar depicts the TF activity scores from high (deep pink) to low (blue). ( J ) Violin plot of gene set enrichment scores for the GO term defense response to bacterium across epithelial compartments and infection states; statistical significance assessed by Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Holm-adjusted P values ( ****P ≤ 0.0001). ( K ) The relative expression of IFN-related genes across ecto- and endocervical subclusters; dot size represents the % of cells expressing a particular gene, and the color bar indicates the intensity of scaled mean expression levels ranging from high (red) to low (blue). ( L ) Gene-weighted density UMAP projections showing expression of STAT1 , STAT2 , and IRF9 across epithelial cells in (B). ( M ) Violin plot showing ISG15 expression across ecto- and endocervical organoids in uninfected, bystander, and infected states. ( N ) IHC images showing CDH1 (green), ISG15 (red), MOMP (gray), and DAPI (blue) in ecto- and endocervical organoids, uninfected (left) or infected (right). Yellow arrows mark infected cells; arrowheads indicate ISG15 + bystander cells.

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Single-cell atlas of cervical organoids uncovers epithelial immune heterogeneity and intercellular cross-talk during Chlamydia infection

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ady1640

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Immunofluorescence images of ectocervical (top) and endocervical (bottom) organoids, uninfected (left) or infected (right) for 48 hours with Chlamydia, stained for KRT5 (green), major outer membrane protein (MOMP) (red), KRT8 (gray), and DAPI (blue). ( B ) UMAP projection of single cells from ecto- and endocervical organoids, colored by infection status: uninfected (UI), infected (Inf), and bystander (Bstd). ( C and D ) UMAP showing reclustered ectocervical squamous epithelial population from (B), colored by infection status (C) and subtype identity (D). ( E ) Proportion of UI, Bstd, and Inf cells in each ectocervical squamous subtype. ( F to G ) UMAP showing reclustered endocervical columnar epithelia from (B), colored by infection status (F) and subtype (G). ( H ) Proportion of UI, Bstd, and Inf cells in each endocervical columnar subtype. ( I ) Heatmap of differentially regulated TFs between ecto- and endocervix across infection conditions; color bar depicts the TF activity scores from high (deep pink) to low (blue). ( J ) Violin plot of gene set enrichment scores for the GO term defense response to bacterium across epithelial compartments and infection states; statistical significance assessed by Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Holm-adjusted P values ( ****P ≤ 0.0001). ( K ) The relative expression of IFN-related genes across ecto- and endocervical subclusters; dot size represents the % of cells expressing a particular gene, and the color bar indicates the intensity of scaled mean expression levels ranging from high (red) to low (blue). ( L ) Gene-weighted density UMAP projections showing expression of STAT1 , STAT2 , and IRF9 across epithelial cells in (B). ( M ) Violin plot showing ISG15 expression across ecto- and endocervical organoids in uninfected, bystander, and infected states. ( N ) IHC images showing CDH1 (green), ISG15 (red), MOMP (gray), and DAPI (blue) in ecto- and endocervical organoids, uninfected (left) or infected (right). Yellow arrows mark infected cells; arrowheads indicate ISG15 + bystander cells.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used for immunofluorescence: mouse anti–acetylated tubulin–Alexa Fluor 647 (1:300, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-23950-AF647), mouse anti–E-cadherin–Alexa Fluor 488 (1:50, BD Biosciences, 560061), mouse anti–E-cadherin (1:50, BD Biosciences, 610181), rabbit anti–KRT5–Alexa Fluor 488 (1:300, Abcam, ab193894), mouse anti-MUC5B (1:200, Abcam, ab77995), rabbit anti-MUC21 (1:200, ProteinAtlas, HPA052028), rabbit anti-KRT8 (1:200, Abcam, ab59400), mouse-anti-KRT6 (1:50, Abcam, ab18586), recombinant rabbit anti-PAX8 (1:200, Abcam, ab239363), goat anti– C. trachomatis major outer membrane protein (1:500, Bio-Rad, 1990-0804), rabbit anti–HLA-DQA1 antibody (EPR7300) (1:200, Abcam, ab128959), rabbit anti-ISG15 polyclonal antibody (1:200, Proteintech,15981-1-AP), and for labeling the DNA, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Roche, 10236276001) were used.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Infection, Staining, Membrane, Activity Assay, Expressing

(A) HeLa cells were infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs and then fixed and stained with antibodies to GBF1 (red) and BIG1 (green). Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). The cis and trans polarity of the Golgi was maintained in C. trachomatis L2-infected cells. N, host nucleus. *, inclusion. Scale bar = 5 µm. (B) HeLa cells were transfected with Arf1-GFP for 18 hrs, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs in the absence or presence of 10 µM BFA, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to GBF1 (red). Enlargements of boxed regions are shown to the right. Images represent a single z slice from confocal images. The exposure time for each filter set for all images was identical. Arf1-GFP localized to the region between two closely apposed inclusions (white arrow) and to a thin rim around the inclusion (red arrow) whereas GBF1 was excluded from these regions. *, inclusion. Scale bar = 5 µm. (C) Western blot analysis of siRNA-treated samples. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (D) HeLa cells were depleted of GBF1, BIG1, and/or BIG2 for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to visualize SM acquisition by the inclusion. The exposure time for all images was identical. Dashed red lines demarcate the inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (E) HeLa cells were infected with C. trachomatis for 24 hrs, treated with 10 µM BFA or GCA during the last 3 hrs of infection, and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to analyze SM acquisition by the inclusion. The exposure time for all images was identical. Dashed red lines demarcate the inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (F) HeLa cells were depleted of GBF1, BIG1, and/or BIG2 for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then analyzed for progeny formation as described in . Values (mean ± standard error) are shown as percentage of control siRNA-treated samples. No significant decrease in progeny formation was observed. IFU, inclusion forming units.

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Chlamydia trachomatis Co-opts GBF1 and CERT to Acquire Host Sphingomyelin for Distinct Roles during Intracellular Development

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002198

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) HeLa cells were infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs and then fixed and stained with antibodies to GBF1 (red) and BIG1 (green). Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). The cis and trans polarity of the Golgi was maintained in C. trachomatis L2-infected cells. N, host nucleus. *, inclusion. Scale bar = 5 µm. (B) HeLa cells were transfected with Arf1-GFP for 18 hrs, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs in the absence or presence of 10 µM BFA, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to GBF1 (red). Enlargements of boxed regions are shown to the right. Images represent a single z slice from confocal images. The exposure time for each filter set for all images was identical. Arf1-GFP localized to the region between two closely apposed inclusions (white arrow) and to a thin rim around the inclusion (red arrow) whereas GBF1 was excluded from these regions. *, inclusion. Scale bar = 5 µm. (C) Western blot analysis of siRNA-treated samples. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (D) HeLa cells were depleted of GBF1, BIG1, and/or BIG2 for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to visualize SM acquisition by the inclusion. The exposure time for all images was identical. Dashed red lines demarcate the inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (E) HeLa cells were infected with C. trachomatis for 24 hrs, treated with 10 µM BFA or GCA during the last 3 hrs of infection, and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to analyze SM acquisition by the inclusion. The exposure time for all images was identical. Dashed red lines demarcate the inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (F) HeLa cells were depleted of GBF1, BIG1, and/or BIG2 for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then analyzed for progeny formation as described in . Values (mean ± standard error) are shown as percentage of control siRNA-treated samples. No significant decrease in progeny formation was observed. IFU, inclusion forming units.

Article Snippet: Antibodies were obtained from the following sources: mouse anti- Chlamydia FITC conjugate (Meridian Diagnostics), goat anti- C. trachomatis MOMP (Cortex Biochem), mouse anti-GAPDH (Chemicon), mouse anti-GBF1 (BD Transduction Laboratories), rabbit anti-BIG1 (Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-BIG2 (Bethyl Laboratories, Inc.), chicken anti-CERT (Sigma), rabbit anti-14-3-3β (Santa Cruz), mouse anti-vimentin (Sigma), mouse anti-FLAG (Sigma), rabbit anti-V5 (Sigma), mouse anti-HA (Covance), rabbit anti-p58 (Sigma), mouse anti-ceramide IgM (Clone15B4), rabbit anti-calnexin (Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-goat IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Calbiochem), goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP (Amersham Biosciences), goat anti-mouse HRP (Amersham Biosciences), donkey anti-goat Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), chicken anti-mouse 594 (Molecular Probes), goat anti-mouse IgG1 Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), Texas red-conjugated donkey anti-chicken IgY (Jackson Laboratories), and donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes).

Techniques: Infection, Staining, Transfection, Western Blot, Labeling

(A) HeLa cells were treated with the indicated siRNA for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, then fixed and stained with antibodies to 14-3-3β (green) to identify the inclusion membrane and GBF1 (red). Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). The exposure time for each filter set for all images was identical. White arrows point to breaks in the inclusion membrane where the bacteria are released into cytoplasm in GBF1-depleted cells. Inclusions formed in BIG1 and/or BIG2 depleted cells remain intact. (B) HeLa cells were depleted of GBF1 for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, then fixed and stained with antibodies to MOMP (green) to identify bacteria and vimentin (red). Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). The exposure time for each filter set for all images was identical. White arrows point to the region on the inclusion that is devoid of vimentin staining and where bacteria are released into the cytoplasm. N, host nucleus; *, inclusion. MOMP, C. trachomatis major outer membrane protein. Scale bar = 5 µm.

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Chlamydia trachomatis Co-opts GBF1 and CERT to Acquire Host Sphingomyelin for Distinct Roles during Intracellular Development

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002198

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) HeLa cells were treated with the indicated siRNA for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, then fixed and stained with antibodies to 14-3-3β (green) to identify the inclusion membrane and GBF1 (red). Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). The exposure time for each filter set for all images was identical. White arrows point to breaks in the inclusion membrane where the bacteria are released into cytoplasm in GBF1-depleted cells. Inclusions formed in BIG1 and/or BIG2 depleted cells remain intact. (B) HeLa cells were depleted of GBF1 for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, then fixed and stained with antibodies to MOMP (green) to identify bacteria and vimentin (red). Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). The exposure time for each filter set for all images was identical. White arrows point to the region on the inclusion that is devoid of vimentin staining and where bacteria are released into the cytoplasm. N, host nucleus; *, inclusion. MOMP, C. trachomatis major outer membrane protein. Scale bar = 5 µm.

Article Snippet: Antibodies were obtained from the following sources: mouse anti- Chlamydia FITC conjugate (Meridian Diagnostics), goat anti- C. trachomatis MOMP (Cortex Biochem), mouse anti-GAPDH (Chemicon), mouse anti-GBF1 (BD Transduction Laboratories), rabbit anti-BIG1 (Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-BIG2 (Bethyl Laboratories, Inc.), chicken anti-CERT (Sigma), rabbit anti-14-3-3β (Santa Cruz), mouse anti-vimentin (Sigma), mouse anti-FLAG (Sigma), rabbit anti-V5 (Sigma), mouse anti-HA (Covance), rabbit anti-p58 (Sigma), mouse anti-ceramide IgM (Clone15B4), rabbit anti-calnexin (Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-goat IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Calbiochem), goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP (Amersham Biosciences), goat anti-mouse HRP (Amersham Biosciences), donkey anti-goat Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), chicken anti-mouse 594 (Molecular Probes), goat anti-mouse IgG1 Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), Texas red-conjugated donkey anti-chicken IgY (Jackson Laboratories), and donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes).

Techniques: Infection, Staining

(A) HeLa cells transfected with CERT-GFP for 18 hrs were left uninfected or infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). N, host nucleus; *, inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (B) HeLa cells transfected with CERT-GFP were infected with C. trachomatis serovar D for 24 hrs and then fixed and stained with antibodies to IncA (red) to identify the inclusion membrane. Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). Enlargements (inset) of boxed regions are shown to the right. *, inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (C–E) HeLa cells were transfected with CERT-GFP and HcRedVAP-A for 18 hrs and infected with C. trachomatis L2 for (C) 2, (D) 8, or (E) 24 hrs. (C) Cells were stained with DAPI to visualize the nascent inclusions (red arrows). (D and E) Enlargements (inset) of boxed regions are shown to the right. At 8 and 24 hpi, CERT-GFP and HcRedVAP-A colocalize on the inclusion membrane and exhibit a patchy distribution. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). N, host nucleus; *, inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm, except with insets from panels B, C, and D where scale bar = 2.5 µm.

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Chlamydia trachomatis Co-opts GBF1 and CERT to Acquire Host Sphingomyelin for Distinct Roles during Intracellular Development

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002198

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) HeLa cells transfected with CERT-GFP for 18 hrs were left uninfected or infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). N, host nucleus; *, inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (B) HeLa cells transfected with CERT-GFP were infected with C. trachomatis serovar D for 24 hrs and then fixed and stained with antibodies to IncA (red) to identify the inclusion membrane. Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). Enlargements (inset) of boxed regions are shown to the right. *, inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (C–E) HeLa cells were transfected with CERT-GFP and HcRedVAP-A for 18 hrs and infected with C. trachomatis L2 for (C) 2, (D) 8, or (E) 24 hrs. (C) Cells were stained with DAPI to visualize the nascent inclusions (red arrows). (D and E) Enlargements (inset) of boxed regions are shown to the right. At 8 and 24 hpi, CERT-GFP and HcRedVAP-A colocalize on the inclusion membrane and exhibit a patchy distribution. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). N, host nucleus; *, inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm, except with insets from panels B, C, and D where scale bar = 2.5 µm.

Article Snippet: Antibodies were obtained from the following sources: mouse anti- Chlamydia FITC conjugate (Meridian Diagnostics), goat anti- C. trachomatis MOMP (Cortex Biochem), mouse anti-GAPDH (Chemicon), mouse anti-GBF1 (BD Transduction Laboratories), rabbit anti-BIG1 (Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-BIG2 (Bethyl Laboratories, Inc.), chicken anti-CERT (Sigma), rabbit anti-14-3-3β (Santa Cruz), mouse anti-vimentin (Sigma), mouse anti-FLAG (Sigma), rabbit anti-V5 (Sigma), mouse anti-HA (Covance), rabbit anti-p58 (Sigma), mouse anti-ceramide IgM (Clone15B4), rabbit anti-calnexin (Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-goat IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Calbiochem), goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP (Amersham Biosciences), goat anti-mouse HRP (Amersham Biosciences), donkey anti-goat Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), chicken anti-mouse 594 (Molecular Probes), goat anti-mouse IgG1 Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), Texas red-conjugated donkey anti-chicken IgY (Jackson Laboratories), and donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes).

Techniques: Transfection, Infection, Staining

HeLa cells were infected with C. trachomatis L2, treated with the indicated concentration of HPA-12 at 1–24 hpi, and then (A) fixed and stained with antibodies to MOMP (red) and with DAPI (blue) to visualize bacteria or (B) analyzed for progeny formation. Values (mean ± standard error) are shown as percentage of DMSO treated samples. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments. ***p<0.001 compared to DMSO treated cells (ANOVA). (C) HeLa cells were transfected with CERT-GFP and HA-CKIγ2 for 18 hrs, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to HA (red). The exposure time for each filter set of all images was identical. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). Ectopic expression of HA-CKIγ2 decreased inclusion size but did not affect CERT-GFP recruitment to the inclusion membrane. Scale bar = 5 µm. (D) Western blot analysis of siRNA-treated samples. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (E) HeLa cells were depleted of CERT for 3 days and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to analyze SM accumulation in the Golgi. The exposure time of all images was identical. CERT depletion reduced SM accumulation in the Golgi. Scale bar = 5 µm, (F) HeLa cells were depleted of CERT for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to MOMP (green) to identify the inclusion. Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). The exposure time for all images was identical. CERT depletion reduced inclusion size. Red arrows point to inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (G) HeLa cells were depleted of CERT for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 and analyzed for inclusion size and progeny formation. Values (mean ± standard error) are shown as percentage of control siRNA samples. CERT depletion significantly reduced inclusion size and progeny formation. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments. ***p<0.001 for CERT siRNA-treated cells compared to control siRNA-treated cells (ANOVA). N, host nucleus. IFU, inclusion forming units. Scale bar = 5 µm.

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Chlamydia trachomatis Co-opts GBF1 and CERT to Acquire Host Sphingomyelin for Distinct Roles during Intracellular Development

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002198

Figure Lengend Snippet: HeLa cells were infected with C. trachomatis L2, treated with the indicated concentration of HPA-12 at 1–24 hpi, and then (A) fixed and stained with antibodies to MOMP (red) and with DAPI (blue) to visualize bacteria or (B) analyzed for progeny formation. Values (mean ± standard error) are shown as percentage of DMSO treated samples. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments. ***p<0.001 compared to DMSO treated cells (ANOVA). (C) HeLa cells were transfected with CERT-GFP and HA-CKIγ2 for 18 hrs, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to HA (red). The exposure time for each filter set of all images was identical. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). Ectopic expression of HA-CKIγ2 decreased inclusion size but did not affect CERT-GFP recruitment to the inclusion membrane. Scale bar = 5 µm. (D) Western blot analysis of siRNA-treated samples. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (E) HeLa cells were depleted of CERT for 3 days and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to analyze SM accumulation in the Golgi. The exposure time of all images was identical. CERT depletion reduced SM accumulation in the Golgi. Scale bar = 5 µm, (F) HeLa cells were depleted of CERT for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to MOMP (green) to identify the inclusion. Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). The exposure time for all images was identical. CERT depletion reduced inclusion size. Red arrows point to inclusions. Scale bar = 5 µm. (G) HeLa cells were depleted of CERT for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 and analyzed for inclusion size and progeny formation. Values (mean ± standard error) are shown as percentage of control siRNA samples. CERT depletion significantly reduced inclusion size and progeny formation. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments. ***p<0.001 for CERT siRNA-treated cells compared to control siRNA-treated cells (ANOVA). N, host nucleus. IFU, inclusion forming units. Scale bar = 5 µm.

Article Snippet: Antibodies were obtained from the following sources: mouse anti- Chlamydia FITC conjugate (Meridian Diagnostics), goat anti- C. trachomatis MOMP (Cortex Biochem), mouse anti-GAPDH (Chemicon), mouse anti-GBF1 (BD Transduction Laboratories), rabbit anti-BIG1 (Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-BIG2 (Bethyl Laboratories, Inc.), chicken anti-CERT (Sigma), rabbit anti-14-3-3β (Santa Cruz), mouse anti-vimentin (Sigma), mouse anti-FLAG (Sigma), rabbit anti-V5 (Sigma), mouse anti-HA (Covance), rabbit anti-p58 (Sigma), mouse anti-ceramide IgM (Clone15B4), rabbit anti-calnexin (Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-goat IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Calbiochem), goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP (Amersham Biosciences), goat anti-mouse HRP (Amersham Biosciences), donkey anti-goat Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), chicken anti-mouse 594 (Molecular Probes), goat anti-mouse IgG1 Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), Texas red-conjugated donkey anti-chicken IgY (Jackson Laboratories), and donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes).

Techniques: Infection, Concentration Assay, Staining, Transfection, Expressing, Western Blot, Labeling

(A) HeLa cells were transfected with CERT-GFP, CERT (D324A)-GFP, or CERT (G67E)-GFP, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then fixed and stained with an antibody to p230 (red) to identify the trans -Golgi. The exposure time for each filter set of all images was identical. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). Mutation of the PI4P binding (G67E) or VAP-A binding (D324A) domains did not affect CERT-GFP recruitment to the inclusion. Scale bar = 5 µm. (B) HeLa cells expressing CERT-GFP were infected with C. trachomatis L2, treated with 50 µM Exo1 (Arf1 inhibitor) for 1–24 hpi, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to MOMP (red) to identify bacteria. The exposure time for each filter set of all images was identical. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). CERT-GFP localization to the inclusion was unaffected by Arf1 inhibition. Scale bar = 5 µm. (C) HeLa cells expressing CERT-GFP were infected with C. trachomatis L2, treated with 5 µM HPA-12 for 1–24 hpi, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to MOMP (red) to identify bacteria or to p230 (red) to identify the trans -Golgi. The exposure time for each filter set of all images was identical. Inhibition of CERT transfer and/or ceramide binding activity by HPA-12 treatment resulted in loss of CERT accumulation on the inclusion membrane. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). Scale bar = 5 µm. N, host nucleus; *, inclusion.

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Chlamydia trachomatis Co-opts GBF1 and CERT to Acquire Host Sphingomyelin for Distinct Roles during Intracellular Development

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002198

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) HeLa cells were transfected with CERT-GFP, CERT (D324A)-GFP, or CERT (G67E)-GFP, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then fixed and stained with an antibody to p230 (red) to identify the trans -Golgi. The exposure time for each filter set of all images was identical. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). Mutation of the PI4P binding (G67E) or VAP-A binding (D324A) domains did not affect CERT-GFP recruitment to the inclusion. Scale bar = 5 µm. (B) HeLa cells expressing CERT-GFP were infected with C. trachomatis L2, treated with 50 µM Exo1 (Arf1 inhibitor) for 1–24 hpi, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to MOMP (red) to identify bacteria. The exposure time for each filter set of all images was identical. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). CERT-GFP localization to the inclusion was unaffected by Arf1 inhibition. Scale bar = 5 µm. (C) HeLa cells expressing CERT-GFP were infected with C. trachomatis L2, treated with 5 µM HPA-12 for 1–24 hpi, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to MOMP (red) to identify bacteria or to p230 (red) to identify the trans -Golgi. The exposure time for each filter set of all images was identical. Inhibition of CERT transfer and/or ceramide binding activity by HPA-12 treatment resulted in loss of CERT accumulation on the inclusion membrane. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). Scale bar = 5 µm. N, host nucleus; *, inclusion.

Article Snippet: Antibodies were obtained from the following sources: mouse anti- Chlamydia FITC conjugate (Meridian Diagnostics), goat anti- C. trachomatis MOMP (Cortex Biochem), mouse anti-GAPDH (Chemicon), mouse anti-GBF1 (BD Transduction Laboratories), rabbit anti-BIG1 (Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-BIG2 (Bethyl Laboratories, Inc.), chicken anti-CERT (Sigma), rabbit anti-14-3-3β (Santa Cruz), mouse anti-vimentin (Sigma), mouse anti-FLAG (Sigma), rabbit anti-V5 (Sigma), mouse anti-HA (Covance), rabbit anti-p58 (Sigma), mouse anti-ceramide IgM (Clone15B4), rabbit anti-calnexin (Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-goat IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Calbiochem), goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP (Amersham Biosciences), goat anti-mouse HRP (Amersham Biosciences), donkey anti-goat Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), chicken anti-mouse 594 (Molecular Probes), goat anti-mouse IgG1 Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), Texas red-conjugated donkey anti-chicken IgY (Jackson Laboratories), and donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes).

Techniques: Transfection, Infection, Staining, Mutagenesis, Binding Assay, Expressing, Inhibition, Activity Assay

(A) HeLa cells were infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, treated with 5 µM HPA-12 for the last 3 hrs of infection, and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to analyze SM accumulation by the inclusion. As a control for decreased SM acquisition by the inclusion, cells were also treated with 10 µM BFA or 25 µg/ml D609. The exposure time of all images was identical. Dashed red lines demarcate inclusions. The residual fluorescence likely represents Golgi staining. Scale bar = 5 µm. (B) Quantitation of SM acquisition following treatment with HPA-12, D609, or BFA. Values (mean ± standard error) are shown as percentage of mean fluorescence intensities relative to DMSO-treated samples. ***p<0.001 (ANOVA). HPA-12, D609, and BFA-treated cells displayed a significant decrease in fluorescence intensity of the inclusion and its contents compared to DMSO-treated samples.

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Chlamydia trachomatis Co-opts GBF1 and CERT to Acquire Host Sphingomyelin for Distinct Roles during Intracellular Development

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002198

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) HeLa cells were infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, treated with 5 µM HPA-12 for the last 3 hrs of infection, and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to analyze SM accumulation by the inclusion. As a control for decreased SM acquisition by the inclusion, cells were also treated with 10 µM BFA or 25 µg/ml D609. The exposure time of all images was identical. Dashed red lines demarcate inclusions. The residual fluorescence likely represents Golgi staining. Scale bar = 5 µm. (B) Quantitation of SM acquisition following treatment with HPA-12, D609, or BFA. Values (mean ± standard error) are shown as percentage of mean fluorescence intensities relative to DMSO-treated samples. ***p<0.001 (ANOVA). HPA-12, D609, and BFA-treated cells displayed a significant decrease in fluorescence intensity of the inclusion and its contents compared to DMSO-treated samples.

Article Snippet: Antibodies were obtained from the following sources: mouse anti- Chlamydia FITC conjugate (Meridian Diagnostics), goat anti- C. trachomatis MOMP (Cortex Biochem), mouse anti-GAPDH (Chemicon), mouse anti-GBF1 (BD Transduction Laboratories), rabbit anti-BIG1 (Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-BIG2 (Bethyl Laboratories, Inc.), chicken anti-CERT (Sigma), rabbit anti-14-3-3β (Santa Cruz), mouse anti-vimentin (Sigma), mouse anti-FLAG (Sigma), rabbit anti-V5 (Sigma), mouse anti-HA (Covance), rabbit anti-p58 (Sigma), mouse anti-ceramide IgM (Clone15B4), rabbit anti-calnexin (Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-goat IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Calbiochem), goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP (Amersham Biosciences), goat anti-mouse HRP (Amersham Biosciences), donkey anti-goat Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), chicken anti-mouse 594 (Molecular Probes), goat anti-mouse IgG1 Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), Texas red-conjugated donkey anti-chicken IgY (Jackson Laboratories), and donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes).

Techniques: Infection, Labeling, Fluorescence, Staining, Quantitation Assay

(A) HeLa cells co-transfected for 18 hrs with CERT-GFP and C-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged SMS1/SMS2 (upper 2 rows) or SMS1-V5 and C-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged SMS2 (bottom row) were infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to FLAG (red) and/or to V5 (green). Single channel images of uninfected cells are shown to the right. Enlargements of the boxed regions (inset) in infected samples are shown to the right of infected set. The exposure time for each filter set of all images was identical. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). CERT and SMS1 localization at the inclusion are distinct while CERT and SMS2 partially overlap. SMS2 localization partially overlaps with SMS1 around the inclusion, however SMS2 also localizes to the inclusion. At longer exposure times, SMS2 plasma membrane localization is evident. Scale bar = 5 µm, except the insets where scale bar = 2.5 µm. (B) HeLa cells transfected with SMS1-V5 (green) or SMS2-V5 (green) infected with C. trachomatis serovar D for 24 hrs and then fixed and stained with antibodies to IncA (red) to identify the inclusion membrane. Enlargements of the boxed regions (inset) are shown to the right. Images represent a single z slice from confocal images. The exposure time for each filter set for all images was identical. SMS2 but not SMS1 partially overlaps with IncA on the inclusion. Scale bar = 5 µm, except the insets where scale bar = 2.5 µm. (C) HeLa cells transfected for 18 hrs with CERT-GFP, SMS1-V5, or SMS2-V5 were infected with C. trachomatis L2, treated with 10 µM BFA or Nocodazole for 1–24 hpi, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to V5 (green) and to p230 (red) to identify the trans -Golgi. BFA and Nocodazole disrupted SMS1 localization around the inclusion but had no effect on SMS2 or CERT localization at the inclusion. Images represent a single z slice from confocal images. Scale bar = 5 µm. N, host nucleus; *, inclusion.

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Chlamydia trachomatis Co-opts GBF1 and CERT to Acquire Host Sphingomyelin for Distinct Roles during Intracellular Development

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002198

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) HeLa cells co-transfected for 18 hrs with CERT-GFP and C-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged SMS1/SMS2 (upper 2 rows) or SMS1-V5 and C-terminally 3xFLAG-tagged SMS2 (bottom row) were infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to FLAG (red) and/or to V5 (green). Single channel images of uninfected cells are shown to the right. Enlargements of the boxed regions (inset) in infected samples are shown to the right of infected set. The exposure time for each filter set of all images was identical. Images shown are maximum intensity projections of confocal z-stacks (0.4-µm slices). CERT and SMS1 localization at the inclusion are distinct while CERT and SMS2 partially overlap. SMS2 localization partially overlaps with SMS1 around the inclusion, however SMS2 also localizes to the inclusion. At longer exposure times, SMS2 plasma membrane localization is evident. Scale bar = 5 µm, except the insets where scale bar = 2.5 µm. (B) HeLa cells transfected with SMS1-V5 (green) or SMS2-V5 (green) infected with C. trachomatis serovar D for 24 hrs and then fixed and stained with antibodies to IncA (red) to identify the inclusion membrane. Enlargements of the boxed regions (inset) are shown to the right. Images represent a single z slice from confocal images. The exposure time for each filter set for all images was identical. SMS2 but not SMS1 partially overlaps with IncA on the inclusion. Scale bar = 5 µm, except the insets where scale bar = 2.5 µm. (C) HeLa cells transfected for 18 hrs with CERT-GFP, SMS1-V5, or SMS2-V5 were infected with C. trachomatis L2, treated with 10 µM BFA or Nocodazole for 1–24 hpi, and then fixed and stained with antibodies to V5 (green) and to p230 (red) to identify the trans -Golgi. BFA and Nocodazole disrupted SMS1 localization around the inclusion but had no effect on SMS2 or CERT localization at the inclusion. Images represent a single z slice from confocal images. Scale bar = 5 µm. N, host nucleus; *, inclusion.

Article Snippet: Antibodies were obtained from the following sources: mouse anti- Chlamydia FITC conjugate (Meridian Diagnostics), goat anti- C. trachomatis MOMP (Cortex Biochem), mouse anti-GAPDH (Chemicon), mouse anti-GBF1 (BD Transduction Laboratories), rabbit anti-BIG1 (Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-BIG2 (Bethyl Laboratories, Inc.), chicken anti-CERT (Sigma), rabbit anti-14-3-3β (Santa Cruz), mouse anti-vimentin (Sigma), mouse anti-FLAG (Sigma), rabbit anti-V5 (Sigma), mouse anti-HA (Covance), rabbit anti-p58 (Sigma), mouse anti-ceramide IgM (Clone15B4), rabbit anti-calnexin (Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-goat IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Calbiochem), goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP (Amersham Biosciences), goat anti-mouse HRP (Amersham Biosciences), donkey anti-goat Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), chicken anti-mouse 594 (Molecular Probes), goat anti-mouse IgG1 Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), Texas red-conjugated donkey anti-chicken IgY (Jackson Laboratories), and donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes).

Techniques: Transfection, Infection, Staining

(A) Western blot analysis of siRNA-treated samples. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (B) HeLa cells were depleted of SMS1 or SMS2 for 3 days and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to analyze SM accumulation in the Golgi. The exposure time of all images was identical. SMS1 but not SMS2 depletion reduced BODIPY FL lipid accumulation in the Golgi. Scale bar = 5 µm. (C and D) HeLa cells were depleted of SMS1 or SMS2 for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then fixed and stained with an antibody to MOMP (red). Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). (D) SMS1 and SMS2-depleted cells were analyzed for inclusion size and progeny formation. Values (mean ± standard error) are shown as percentage of control siRNA samples. SMS1 and SMS2 depletion reduced inclusion size and production of infectious progeny. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments. ***p<0.001, all samples compared to control siRNA treatment (ANOVA). N, host nucleus; red arrows point to inclusions. IFU, inclusion forming units. Scale bar = 5 µm.

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Chlamydia trachomatis Co-opts GBF1 and CERT to Acquire Host Sphingomyelin for Distinct Roles during Intracellular Development

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002198

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Western blot analysis of siRNA-treated samples. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (B) HeLa cells were depleted of SMS1 or SMS2 for 3 days and then labeled with BODIPY FL-Ceramide to analyze SM accumulation in the Golgi. The exposure time of all images was identical. SMS1 but not SMS2 depletion reduced BODIPY FL lipid accumulation in the Golgi. Scale bar = 5 µm. (C and D) HeLa cells were depleted of SMS1 or SMS2 for 3 days, infected with C. trachomatis L2 for 24 hrs, and then fixed and stained with an antibody to MOMP (red). Bacteria and host DNA were detected using DAPI (blue). (D) SMS1 and SMS2-depleted cells were analyzed for inclusion size and progeny formation. Values (mean ± standard error) are shown as percentage of control siRNA samples. SMS1 and SMS2 depletion reduced inclusion size and production of infectious progeny. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments. ***p<0.001, all samples compared to control siRNA treatment (ANOVA). N, host nucleus; red arrows point to inclusions. IFU, inclusion forming units. Scale bar = 5 µm.

Article Snippet: Antibodies were obtained from the following sources: mouse anti- Chlamydia FITC conjugate (Meridian Diagnostics), goat anti- C. trachomatis MOMP (Cortex Biochem), mouse anti-GAPDH (Chemicon), mouse anti-GBF1 (BD Transduction Laboratories), rabbit anti-BIG1 (Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-BIG2 (Bethyl Laboratories, Inc.), chicken anti-CERT (Sigma), rabbit anti-14-3-3β (Santa Cruz), mouse anti-vimentin (Sigma), mouse anti-FLAG (Sigma), rabbit anti-V5 (Sigma), mouse anti-HA (Covance), rabbit anti-p58 (Sigma), mouse anti-ceramide IgM (Clone15B4), rabbit anti-calnexin (Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-goat IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Calbiochem), goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP (Amersham Biosciences), goat anti-mouse HRP (Amersham Biosciences), donkey anti-goat Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), chicken anti-mouse 594 (Molecular Probes), goat anti-mouse IgG1 Alexa 594 (Molecular Probes), donkey anti-goat Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes), Texas red-conjugated donkey anti-chicken IgY (Jackson Laboratories), and donkey anti-rabbit Alexa 488 (Molecular Probes).

Techniques: Western Blot, Labeling, Infection, Staining